Lathe Cutting Tool – Types, Shapes, Angles and Specification in ITI Turner Trade

In the ITI Turner trade, the lathe cutting tool is one of the most important tools used for machining operations. It is used to remove material from a rotating workpiece to produce the desired shape and size. Understanding the types, shapes, tool angles, and specifications of lathe cutting tools is essential for achieving accuracy, good surface finish, and efficient machining.

Introduction to Lathe Cutting Tool

A lathe cutting tool is a single-point cutting tool used in lathe machines. It removes material in the form of chips by shearing action. The performance of the tool depends on its material, shape, and cutting angles.

Material of Lathe Cutting Tools

• High Carbon Steel
• High-Speed Steel (HSS)
• Carbide Tools
• Ceramic and Diamond Tools

These materials are selected based on cutting speed, hardness, and durability.

Types of Lathe Cutting Tools

1. Turning Tool

Used for reducing the diameter of the workpiece.

2. Facing Tool

Used to produce a flat surface at the end of the workpiece.

3. Parting Tool

Used to cut off the workpiece.

4. Thread Cutting Tool

Used for cutting threads on the workpiece.

5. Boring Tool

Used to enlarge holes.

6. Form Tool

Used to produce specific shapes on the workpiece.

Shapes of Lathe Cutting Tools

Lathe tools are available in different shapes depending on their use:

• Straight tool
• Right-hand tool
• Left-hand tool
• Round nose tool
• Square nose tool

Tool Angles

Tool angles are important for proper cutting action. They affect chip formation, cutting force, and tool life.

1. Rake Angle

The rake angle is the angle between the top surface of the tool and the horizontal plane.

• Helps in chip flow
• Reduces cutting force

Types of rake angle:

• Positive rake
• Negative rake
• Zero rake

2. Clearance Angle

The clearance angle is the angle between the flank of the tool and the workpiece surface.

• Prevents rubbing
• Reduces friction

3. Cutting Angle

The angle formed by the cutting edge during machining.

4. Nose Radius

The rounded tip of the tool improves surface finish and strength.

Importance of Tool Angles

• Improves cutting efficiency
• Reduces tool wear
• Enhances surface finish
• Controls chip formation

Specification of Lathe Cutting Tool

Lathe tools are specified based on:

• Tool material (HSS, carbide, etc.)
• Shank size (length, width, height)
• Tool angles (rake, clearance, etc.)
• Type of tool (turning, facing, etc.)

Example specification:

HSS tool, 12 mm × 12 mm shank, right-hand turning tool with specific rake and clearance angles.

Uses of Lathe Cutting Tools

• Turning operations
• Facing and finishing
• Thread cutting
• Parting and grooving

Advantages

• High precision
• Versatile applications
• Easy to sharpen (HSS tools)

Limitations

• Wear over time
• Requires proper grinding and sharpening

Precautions While Using Cutting Tools

• Use correct tool for material
• Maintain proper tool angles
• Ensure proper clamping
• Use cutting fluid if required

Maintenance of Cutting Tools

• Sharpen tools regularly
• Store properly
• Keep clean and dry

Application in Turner Workshop

In the Turner trade, lathe cutting tools are used for shaping and finishing workpieces. Proper selection of tool type, shape, and angles ensures efficient machining and high-quality output.

Understanding tool specifications helps in selecting the right tool for different operations.

Conclusion

Lathe cutting tools are essential for machining operations. Knowledge of their types, shapes, angles, and specifications is important for achieving accuracy and efficiency.

Proper use and maintenance of cutting tools improve performance and tool life.

In conclusion, mastering lathe cutting tools is a key skill for every Turner in producing high-quality components.